Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Health
by: Juliana A. Maantay, Sara McLafferty
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language: en [ english ]
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9400703287
9789400703285
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year: 2011
pages: 514
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This book focuses on a range of geospatial applications for environmental health research, including environmental justice issues, environmental health disparities, air and water contamination, and infectious diseases. Environmental health research is at an exciting point in its use of geotechnologies, and many researchers are working on innovative approaches. This book is a timely scholarly contribution in updating the key concepts and applications of using GIS and other geospatial methods for environmental health research. Each chapter contains original research which utilizes a geotechnical tool (Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, GPS, etc.) to address an environmental health problem. The book is divided into three sections organized around the following themes: issues in GIS and environmental health research; using GIS to assess environmental health impacts; and geospatial methods for environmental health. Representing diverse case studies and geospatial methods, the book is likely to be of interest to researchers, practitioners and students across the geographic and environmental health sciences. The authors are leading researchers and practitioners in the field of GIS and environmental health.
Cover
Geotechnologies and the Environment, Volume 4
Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Health
ISBN 9789400703285
Foreword
Contents
Contributors
Part I General Considerations in Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Health
1 Environmental Health and Geospatial Analysis: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Role of GISc in Environmental Health Research
1.2.1 Hazard Surveillance
1.2.2 Exposure Surveillance
1.2.3 Outcomes Surveillance
1.3 Limitations of Geospatial Methods for Environmental Health Research
1.3.1 Data Deficiencies
1.3.2 Data Aggregation Issues and Other Concerns with Spatial Data
1.3.3 Accuracy of Locational Information
1.3.4 Technological Limitations
1.3.5 Drawbacks Pertaining to Temporal Data on Residential History and Daily Locations
1.3.6 Exposure Proxies and Misclassification of Exposures
1.4 The Structure of the Book
1.4.1 Section I: General Considerations in Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Health
1.4.2 Section II: Impacts on Environmental Health (Topical Case Studies)
1.4.2.1 Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases
1.4.2.2 Toxic Metals and Elements
1.4.2.3 Water Quality
1.4.2.4 Food Safety/Food Security
1.4.2.5 Air Quality
1.4.2.6 Solid and Liquid Waste
1.4.2.7 Environmental Justice
1.4.2.8 Health Disparities in Women
1.4.2.9 Urbanization and Impacts of the Built Environment
1.4.3 Section III -- Geospatial Methods in Investigating Environmental Health
1.5 Recurrent Themes
Author Biographies
References and Further Reading
2 Using Geovisualization and Geospatial Analysis to Explore Respiratory Disease and Environmental Health Justice in New York City
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Environmental Health Justice
2.3 Data Exploration Example Using Hypothetical Data Set
2.4 Respiratory Disease and Environmental Health Justice in New York City
2.5 Conclusions
Author Biographies
References
3 Outdoor Air Pollution and Health -- A Review ofINTnl; the Contributions of Geotechnologies to Exposure Assessment
3.1 Using Geotechnologies to Estimate Variations in Outdoor Pollution Levels
3.1.1 Proximity to Sources or Monitors
3.1.2 Dispersion Models
3.1.3 Geographic Information System-Based Spatial Models
3.1.3.1 Spatial Interpolation
3.1.3.2 Land-Use Regression
3.1.4 Satellite Data
3.1.5 Integrating Multiple Methods
3.1.6 Estimating Residential Infiltration of Outdoor Air Pollutants
3.2 Using Geotechnologies to Incorporate Individual Mobility
3.2.1 GPS and Time-Activity Patterns
3.2.2 Modelling Population Exposures and Determinants
3.3 Conclusion
3.4 Recommended Reviews
Author Biographies
References
4 The Use of Residential History in Environmental Health Studies
4.1 Background
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 How Past Environmental Conditions Impact Current Health
4.1.3 Why Residential History Matters
4.2 Geotechnology and Residential History
4.3 Review of Environmental Health Studies Using Residential History
4.4 Difficulties in Collecting Residential History Information
4.5 Conclusions
Author Biography
References
5 Proximity Analysis for Exposure Assessment in Environmental Health Justice Research
5.1 Environmental Health Justice
5.1.1 The Role of GIS in Environmental Health Justice Research
5.1.2 Environmental Justice Research Findings
5.2 Estimating the Boundaries of Adverse Environmental Exposure
5.2.1 Spatial Coincidence Analysis
5.2.2 Distance-Based Analysis
5.2.3 Pollutant Fate and Transport Modeling
5.3 Estimating Population Characteristics of Proximate Areas
5.4 Geostatistical Methods
5.5 Concluding Discussion
Author Biographies
References
6 Their Data, Our Cause: An Exploration of the Form, Function, and Deployment of Mapping Technologies among Community Environmental Justice Organizations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Literature Review
6.2.1 Uneven Ability to Map
6.2.2 Co-optation/Resistance
6.2.3 Mapping the Omissions/Emissions
6.3 Methodology
6.4 Results
6.5 Discussion
Author Biography
References
Part II Impacts on Environmental Health (Topical Case Studies)
7 Geospatial Analysis of West Nile Virus (WNV) Incidences in a Heterogeneous Urban Environment: A Case Study in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area of Minnesota
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Urban Health and Geospatial Analysis
7.3 Data and Methodology
7.4 Results
7.5 Discussion and Conclusion
7.6 Glossary
Author Biography
References
8 The Health Impacts of Brownfields in Charlotte, NC: A Spatial Approach
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Exposure to Hazardous Waste Sites and Low Birth Weight
8.3 Data and Analytical Method
8.3.1 Study Area
8.3.2 Dependent Variables
8.3.3 Independent Variables
8.3.4 Methods
8.4 Findings
8.5 Discussion and Conclusion
Author Biography
References
9 Regional Environmental Patterns of Diarrheal Disease in Bangladesh: A Spatial Analytical and Multilevel Approach
9.1 Background
9.2 Study Data
9.3 Methods
9.4 Results
9.5 Conclusions
Author Biographies
References
10 Developing a Supermarket Need Index
10.1 Background
10.2 Literature Review
10.3 Supermarket Need Index
10.3.1 Methodology: Data Selection
10.3.2 Methodology: Shapefile Creation, Hot Spot Analysis, Trade Area Determination
10.3.3 Methodology: Raster Analysis and Index Calculation
10.4 Results
10.5 What We Learned and What We Could Do Differently
10.6 Future Applications
Appendix: Data Sources and Tools Used
Author Biographies
References
11 Asthma, Air Quality and Environmental Justice in Louisville, Kentucky
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Background
11.2.1 Asthma Epidemiology
11.2.2 Asthma in Louisville: Recent Studies
11.3 Spatial Analysis of Hospital Discharge Data, 20052008
11.3.1 Hospital Discharge Data
11.3.2 Spatial Analysis
11.4 Environmental Justice: Disproportionate Siting Versus Minority Move-In
11.5 West Louisville Study Area
11.5.1 Seasonal Trends in Asthma Hospitalizations
11.5.2 Air Pollutants
11.6 Discussion and Conclusions
Author Biographies
References
12 The Impact of Changes in Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Laws on Proximity to Environmental Hazards: A Case Study of Connecticut
12.1 Background
12.1.1 Flows of Municipal Solid Waste
12.1.2 The Connecticut Context
12.2 Methods
12.2.1 Data
12.2.2 Methods
12.3 Results
12.4 Discussion
12.5 Conclusion
Author Biography
References
13 Global Geographies of Environmental Injustice and Health: A Case Study of Illegal Hazardous Waste Dumping in Cte d'Ivoire
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Global Expansion of EJ: The Case of Hazardous Industries, Products and Wastes
13.3 Trends in the Production and International Shipment of Hazardous Materials and Wastes
13.4 Conceptualizing Transboundary Industrial Operations and Waste Flows
13.4.1 Push Factors of Hazardous Flows
13.4.2 Pull Factors of Hazardous Flows
13.5 A Geographic Case Study of Illegal Dumping of Hazardous Wastes in Cote dIvoire
13.5.1 Conditions Preceding the Hazardous Waste Incident
13.5.2 Hazardous Waste Incident
13.6 Geographic Data Sources and Preprocessing
13.7 Analytical Procedures and Results
13.7.1 Geo-Demographic Analysis Using Data Generated from Sampled Points
13.7.2 Delineation of Chemical Impact Zones
13.7.3 Linking the Threat Zones to the Demographic Data Layers
13.7.4 Statistical Comparison of Threat Zones
13.8 Discussion and Conclusions: EJ Lessons Learned from This Study
Author Biographies
References
14 Environment and Health Inequalities of Women in Different Neighbourhoods of Metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Context of the Research Metropolitan Lagos
14.3 Literature Review and Conceptual Issues
14.4 Research Methods
14.5 Results and Discussions
14.5.1 Socio Economic Conditions of Women
14.5.2 The Health Conditions of Women in Metropolitan Lagos
14.5.3 Neighbourhood Environmental Conditions of Women in Metropolitan Lagos
14.5.4 Analysis of Focus Group Discussions
14.6 Conclusions and Policy Statements
14.6.1 Areas for Further Research
Author Biographies
References
15 Housing Quality and Racial Disparities in Low Birth Weight: A GIS Assessment
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Flint, Michigan
15.3 Data and Methods
15.3.1 Study Area
15.3.2 Study Population
15.3.3 Methods
15.4 Results
15.4.1 Descriptive Analyses
15.4.2 Spatial Analyses
15.5 Discussion
15.6 Conclusions
Author Biography
References
Part III Geospatial Methods in Investigating Environmental Health
16 Participatory Mapping as a Component of Operational Malaria Vector Control in Tanzania
16.1 Background: Malaria
16.2 Community-Based Larviciding of Malaria Vector Mosquitoes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
16.3 Development of Participatory Mapping Procedure
16.3.1 The Preliminary Sketch Map
16.3.2 Technical Mapping with Aerial Photographs
16.3.3 Identification of Missing Areas and Correction of Sketch Maps
16.3.4 Digitization of Technical Maps and Provision for Operational Teams
16.4 Results
16.4.1 Phase 1 -- Pilot Areas
16.4.2 Phase 2 -- Whole UMCP Area
16.4.3 Phase 3 -- Going to Scale -- The City Level
16.5 Conclusions
16.5.1 Usefulness for Community-Based Malaria Vector Control
16.5.2 Potential and Restrictions for Other Applications
Author Biographies
References
17 Revisiting Toblers First Law of Geography: Spatial Regression Models for Assessing Environmental Justice and Health Risk Disparities
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Spatial Autocorrelation in Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Justice
17.3 Data and Variables
17.3.1 Study Area
17.3.2 Cancer Risks from On-Road Emission Sources of Air Toxics
17.3.3 Explanatory Variables
17.4 Detecting Spatial Autocorrelation
17.4.1 Spatial Definition of Neighbors
17.4.2 Measuring Spatial Autocorrelation
17.4.3 Traditional Multiple Regression
17.5 Addressing Spatial Autocorrelation with Spatial Regression Analysis
17.5.1 Comparison of Regression Model Performance
17.5.2 Comparison of Regression Model Coefficients
17.6 Concluding Discussion
Author Biography
References
18 A Spatially Explicit Environmental Health Surveillance Framework for Tick-Borne Diseases
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Environmental Public Health Surveillance Framework
18.1.2 Lyme Disease Within Texas
18.2 Data and Methods
18.2.1 Hazard Surveillance
18.2.2 Outcome Surveillance
18.2.3 Exposure Surveillance
18.3 Results
18.3.1 Hazard Surveillance
18.3.2 Outcome Surveillance
18.3.3 Exposure Surveillance
18.4 Discussion
18.4.1 Conclusion
Author Biographies
References
19 Using Distance Decay Techniques and Household-Level Data to Explore Regional Variation in Environmental Inequality
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Background and Rationale for Study
19.3 Theoretical Explanations for Environmental Inequality
19.4 Data and Methods
19.4.1 Environmental Hazard Data
19.4.2 Individual and Household Data
19.4.3 Analytic Strategy
19.5 Results
19.5.1 Do Environmental Inequality Outcomes Vary Across Regions of the United States?
19.5.2 Do Differences in Household Characteristics Explain Environmental Inequality at the Regional Level?
19.6 Conclusion
Author Biographies
References
20 Merging Satellite Measurement with Ground-Based Air Quality Monitoring Data to Assess Health Effects of Fine Particulate Matter Pollution
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Methods
20.2.1 MODIS Data
20.2.2 Associations Between AOD and Ground PM 2.5
20.2.3 Health Outcomes Data
20.2.4 Calculating County Average PM 2.5 for Ecological Modelling of Health Effects
20.2.5 Bayesian Hierarchical Modelling of CCHD and PM 2.5
20.3 Results
20.3.1 Pearson's Correlation and GWR
20.3.2 Bayesian Model of CCHD SMR and PM 2.5
20.4 Discussion and Conclusions
Author Biographies
References
21 Poverty Determinants of Acute Respiratory Infections in the Mapuche Population of Ninth Region of Araucana, Chile (2000--2005): A Bayesian Approach with Time-Space Modeling
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 The Study Area
21.1.2 Use of Small Area Statistics
21.1.3 Spatial-Temporal Analysis
21.2 Data and Methods
21.2.1 Census Data
21.2.2 Methods
21.3 Results
21.4 Discussion
Author Biography
Appendix 1 The Model Used, WinBUGS Code
References
22 GIS and Atmospheric Diffusion Modeling for Assessment of Individual Exposure to Dioxins Emitted from a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Study Site
22.3 Dioxin Exposure Assessment Through Geographic Modeling
22.3.1 Plume Modeling
22.3.2 GIS-Based Exposure
22.4 Validation of GIS-Based Dioxin Exposure
22.5 Mixed Individual/Ecological Case-Control Study
22.6 External Consistency
22.7 Conclusion
Author Biography
References
23 Synthesizing Waterborne Infection Prevalence for Comparative Analysis of Cluster Detection Methods
23.1 Background
23.1.1 Water-Related Disease and Distance to Water
23.1.2 Finding Clusters of Water-Related Disease
23.1.3 Geographic Information Systems as Data Synthesis Tools
23.2 Methods
23.2.1 Data
23.2.2 Greedy Growth Scan
23.3 Results
23.4 Discussion
23.5 Conclusion
Author Biography
References
24 Spatiotemporal Analysis of PM2.5 Exposure in Taipei (Taiwan) by Integrating PM10 and TSP Observations
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Materials
24.2.1 Study Area
24.2.2 Data
24.3 Method
24.3.1 Brief Review of the BME Method
24.3.2 BME Spatiotemporal Modelling of PM2.5
24.4 Results
24.5 Discussion
24.6 Conclusion
Author Biographies
References
Index
